Antecedents of the Concept of Travel Intention During the Pandemic: A Case Study from Turkey / Antecedentes do Conceito de Intenção de Viagem Durante a Pandemia: Um Estudo de Caso na Turquia
Antecedents of the Concept of Travel Intention During the Pandemic: A Case Study from Turkey / Antecedentes do Conceito de Intenção de Viagem Durante a Pandemia: Um Estudo de Caso na Turquia
Periódico: Rosa dos Ventos - Turismo e Hospitalidade
Fonte: ROSA DOS VENTOS - Turismo e Hospitalidade; v. 13, n. 4 (2021): Especial Covid-19 [2021]
Palavras-chave:
Resumo: ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of Covid-19 fear on travel intention and to test the mediating effect of reliance on vaccine in the relationship between fear of Covid-19 and travel intention. In this context, a structural model was created to examine these three variables: the relationship among fear of Covid-19, travel intention and trust in the vaccine. The quantitative study was carried out through a structural model in order to verify the behavior of the three variables together using Ibm Amos 24 package. A case study based on data collected from 467 public employees across Turkey supported empirically the study. At the end of the analysis, it was found that the fear of Covid-19 significantly and negatively affected the travel intention, while the fear of covid-19 significantly and negatively affected the trust in the vaccine, and no significant relationship was found between the trust in the vaccine and the travel intention. In the model in which the mediation effect was tested, it was found that trust in vaccine did not have a mediating effect on the relationship between fear of Covid-19 and travel intention. Considering these results, suggestions were made for the decision makers of travel, tourism and hospitality industry to be able to recover after the pandemic to create plan for policy and strategies.KEYWORDSTourism; Covid-19; Fear; Vaccine; Intention to Travel; Turkey. RESUMOO objetivo deste estudo é o de revelar o efeito do medo da Covid-19 na intenção de viajar, e testar o efeito mediador da confiança na vacina na relação entre este medo e a intenção de viajar. Neste contexto, foi criado um modelo estrutural para examinar a relação entre essas três variáveis: medo da Covid-19, intenção de viajar e confiança na vacina. Um estudo de caso quantitativo empírico, a partir de dados coletados junto a 467 funcionários públicos da Turquia, foi conduzido utilizando um modelo estrutural para testar o comportamento das três variáveis juntas, utilizando o pacote Ibm Amos 24. No final da análise, verificou-se que o medo da Covid-19 afetou significativa e negativamente a intenção de viajar, enquanto o medo da Covid-19, a confiança na vacina, e não foi encontrada nenhuma relação significativa entre a confiança na vacina e a intenção de viagem. No modelo em que o efeito de mediação foi testado, descobriu-se que a confiança na vacina não teve um efeito mediador na relação entre o medo da Covid-19 e a intenção de viagem. Considerando estes resultados, foram feitas sugestões para que os tomadores de decisão no segmento de viagens, turismo e hospitalidade, pudessem se recuperar após a pandemia para criar um plano de políticas e estratégias.PALAVRAS-CHAVETurismo; Covid-19; Medo; Vacina; Intenção de Viajar, Turquia. AUTORIAGökhan Onat: Master. PhD candidate in the Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts at Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University. He is a research assistant at Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5072-948X Email: gokhan.onat@erdogan.edu.trYusuf Karakus: Doctor. Professors in the Ardesen Vocational School, Department of Tourism and Travel Services at Recep Tayyip Erdogan University in Turkey, Rize, Turkey. He is also associate editor of Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4878-3134 Email: yusuf.karakus@erdogan.edu.tr ,Thiago Duarte Pimentel: Doctor. PhD of Social Sciences/UFJF (2012). Professor and full time researcher at Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de For a, MG, Brasil. Curriculum: http://lattes.cnpq.br/9841188234449467 E-mail: thiago.pimentel@ich.ufjf.brYunus Dogan: Master. PhD candidate in the Department of Tourism Management, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University. He works as a full-time employee at the Social Security Institution of Turkey, Rize, Turkey. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3145-8404 Email: yunus.dogan23@hotmail.com REFERENCESAhorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of Covid-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. LinkAljazeera. (2020, 03 junho). Coronavirus: travel restrictions, border shutdowns by country | coronavirus pandemic news. Al Jazeera. LinkAtay, L. (2020). KOVID-19 Salgini ve Turizme Etkileri. Seyahat ve Otel Isletmeciligi Dergisi, 17(1), 168–172. LinkAyittey, F. K., Ayittey, M. K., Chiwero, N. B., Kamasah, J. S., & Dzuvor, C. (2020). Economic impacts of Wuhan 2019-nCoV on China and the world. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(5), 473–475. LinkBentler, P. M. (1992). On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin. Psychological Bulletin, 112(3), 400-404. LinkBogan, E., & Dedeoglu, B. B. (2019). The influence of corporate social responsibility in hospitality establishments on students’ level of commitment and intention to recommend. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 25, 100205. LinkBüyüköztürk, S., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, S., & Demirel, F. (2009). Bilimsel Arastirma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayincilik.Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.Çetinkaya, F. Ö., & Sahbaz, R. P. (2019). Sosyal medyada gelismeleri kaçirma korkusunun kisinin tatil satin alma niyetine etkisi. Türk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi, 3(3), 383–402. LinkÇokluk, Ö., Sekercioglu, G., & Büyüköztürk, S. (2016). Sosyal Bilimler Için Çok Degiskenli Istatistik SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamalari. Kizilay, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.covid19-druginteractions.org. (2020). Liverpool Covid-19 Interactions. Covid-19 – Drug Interactions. LinkDe Hoog, N., Stroebe, W., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2008). The processing of fear-arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion. Social Influence, 3(2), 84-113. LinkDedeoglu, B. B., Balikçioglu, S., & Küçükergin, K. G. (2016). The role of tourists' value perceptions in behavioral intentions: the moderating effect of gender. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 33(4), 513–534. LinkDedeoglu, B. B., & Demirer, H. (2015). Differences in service quality perceptions of stakeholders in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(1), 130-146. LinkDemir, M., Günaydin, Y., & Demir, S. S. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgininin Türkiye’de turizm üzerindeki öncülleri, etkileri ve sonuçlarinin degerlendirilmesi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 6(1), 80-107. LinkDoll, W. J., Xia, W., & Torkzadeh, G. (1994). A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument. MIS Quarterly, 453-461.Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., Srouji, S., & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against Covid-19. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8), 775-779. LinkEfron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994). An Introduction to the bootstrap. Chapman and Hall-CRC.Eichelberger, L. (2007). SARS and New York’s Chinatown: The politics of risk and blame during an epidemic of fear. Social Science and Medicine, 65(6), 1284-1295. LinkErdfelder, E., Faul, F., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. LinkFornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. LinkGoodman, J., & Carmichael, F. (2020, 30 maio). Coronavirus: Bill Gates ‘microchip’ conspiracy theory and other vaccine claims fact-checked. BBC News. LinkGuo, Q., Zheng, Y., Shi, J., Wang, J., Li, G., Li, C., … Yang, Z. (2020). Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: A mixed-method study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 17-27. LinkGürbüz, S., & Sahin, F. (2014). Sosyal Bilimlerde Arastirma Yöntemleri (V. 2). Ankara: Sözkesen Matbaacilik Tic. Ltd. St.Hacimusalar, Y., Kahve, A. C., Yasar, A. B., & Aydin, M. S. (2020). Anxiety and hopelessness levels in Covid-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 181-188. LinkHair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2013). Multivariate Data Analysis (Pearson Ne). Pearson Higher Ed.Hair, Joseph F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer On Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks: Sage.Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond baron and kenny: statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420. LinkHu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. LinkIbis, S. (2020). Covid-19 salgininin seyahat acentalari üzerine etkisi. Safran Kültür ve Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi, 3(1), 85–98. LinkKarakus, Y., & Kalay, N. (2017). A study on the concept and causes of destination rejection. International Journal of Management Economics and Business, 13(3), 1-16. LinkKivilcim, B. (2020). Covid-19 (yeni koronavirüs) salgininin turizm sektörüne muhtemel etkileri. Uluslararasi Bati Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beseri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 17–27. LinkKorstanje, M. E. & George, B. (2021). The Nature and Future of Tourism a Post-COVID-19 Context. AAP - Apple Academic Press (Hospitality and Tourism Series), USA.Kozak, M. A., & Dogan, M. (2014). Dinleme davranisinin müsterinin satin alma niyeti ve satin alma davranisina etkisi: Seyahat acentasi satis temsilcileri kapsaminda bir arastirma. Eskisehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 57-84. Linkktb.gov.tr. (2020). 2019 yili konaklama istatistikleri yillik bülten özeti. LinkKurtulus, K. (2010). Arastirma Yöntemleri. Istanbul: Türkmen Kitapevi.Latkin, C. A., Dayton, L., Yi, G., Konstantopoulos, A., & Boodram, B. (2021). Trust in a Covid-19 vaccine in the U.S.: A social-ecological perspective. Social Science and Medicine, 270, 113684. LinkLedermann, T., & Macho, S. (2009). Mediation in dyadic data at the level of the dyads: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), 661-670. LinkLovelace, B. J. (2020). World Health Organization names the new coronavirus: Covid-19. CNBC – Health and Science. LinkLuchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to Covid-19. American Psychologist, 75(7), 897-908. LinkLucia, V. C., Kelekar, A., & Afonso, N. M. (2020). Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students. Journal of Public Health, 1-5. LinkLuo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards “travel bubble” destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of Covid-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1-11. LinkMacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99128. LinkMagano, J., Vidal, D. G., e Sousa, H. F. P., Pimenta Dinis, M. A., & Leite, Â. (2021). Validation and psychometric properties of the portuguese version of the coronavirus anxiety scale (Cas) and fear of Covid-19 scale (fcv-19s) and associations with travel, tourism and hospitality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 1-14. LinkMalik, A. A., McFadden, S. A. M., Elharake, J., & Omer, S. B. (2020). Determinants of Covid-19 vaccine acceptance in the US. EClinicalMedicine, 26, 100495. LinkMamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of Covid-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073. LinkMarsh, H W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis: the effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 391-410. LinkMarsh, Herbert W., & Hau, K.-T. (1996). Assessing goodness of fit: is parsimony always desirable? The Journal of Experimental Education, 64(4), 364-390. LinkMulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430-445. LinkNakip, M. (2006). Pazarlama Arastirmalari Teknikler ve (SPSS Destekli) Uygulamalar. Ankara: seçkin Yayincilik ve san. ve Tic. As.Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., … Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. LinkOnat, G., & Eren, D. (2020). The impacts of perceived overqualification on employee performance: a case of chefs. Tourism & Management Studies, 16(4), 35-44. LinkOzawa, S., & Stack, M. L. (2013, August). Public trust and vaccine acceptance-international perspectives. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 9(8), 1774-1778. LinkÖzkoçak, V., Koç, F., & Gültekin, T. (2020). Pandemilere Antropolojik Bakis: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Örnegi. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(2), 1183-1195. LinkPerson, B., Sy, F., Holton, K., Govert, B., Liang, A., Garza, B., … Zauderer, L. (2004). Fear and Stigma: The epidemic within the SARS outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(2), 358-363. LinkPreacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. LinkQiu, R. T. R., Park, J., Li, S. N., & Song, H. (2020). Social costs of tourism during the Covid-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 102994. LinkReisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005, August 19). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 212-225. LinkRingle, C., Da Silva, D., & Bido, D. (2015). Structural equation modeling with the SmartPLS. Bido, D., Da Silva, D., & Ringle, C. (2014). Structural Equation Modeling with the Smartpls. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2). LinkRenieris, E. M. (2021). What’s really at stake with vaccine passports. Centre for International Governance Innovation. LinkRuan, W., Kang, S., & Song, H. J. (2020). Applying protection motivation theory to understand international tourists’ behavioural intentions under the threat of air pollution: a case of Beijing, China. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(16), 2027-2041. Linksbb.gov.tr. (2021). Kamu Istihdami - T.C. Cumhurbaskanligi Strateji ve Bütçe Baskanligi - SBB. LinkSchermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. LinkScience Conversation. (2020). Covid-19 - Science in 5: Episode #1 - Herd immunity. World Health Organization. LinkStrong, P. (1990). Epidemic psychology: a model. Sociology of Health & Illness, 12(3), 249-259. LinkTabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using Multivariate Statistics: Pearson new international edition. Pearson Educat ion Limited.Türkmen, M., & Özsari, A. (2020). Covid-19 salgini ve spor sektörüne etkileri. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 8(2), 55-67. LinkÜstün, Ç., & Özçiftçi, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinin sosyal yasam ve etik düzlem üzerine etkileri: Bir degerlendirme çalismasi. Anadolu Klinigi Tip Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Special Issue on Covid 19), 142-153. LinkVergara, R. J. D., Sarmiento, P. J. D., & Lagman, J. D. N. (2021). Building public trust: a response to Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy predicament. Journal of Public Health, 43(2), 291-292. LinkVerger, P., & Dubé, E. (2020). Restoring confidence in vaccines in the Covid-19 era. Expert Review of Vaccines, 19(11), 991-993. LinkWard, J. K., Peretti-Watel, P., Bocquier, A., Seror, V., & Verger, P. (2019, October 1). Vaccine hesitancy and coercion: all eyes on France. Nature Immunology, 20, 1257-1259. LinkWho. (2020a). Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) Situation Report-113. LinkWho (2020b). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19 - 11 March 2020. LinkWho. (2021). Infodemic. LinkWilliams, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing indirect effects in complex models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 15(1), 23-51. Linkworldometers.info. (2021). COVID Live Update: 165,662,381 Cases and 3,434,027 Deaths from the Coronavirus - Worldometer. LinkZenker, S., Braun, E., & Gyimóthy, S. (2021). Too afraid to Travel? Development of a Pandemic (Covid-19) Anxiety Travel Scale (PATS). Tourism Management, 84, 104286. LinkZheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after Covid-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear.’ Tourism Management, 83, 104261. Link
